Malaria Outbreak in Ethiopia Linked to Invasive Mosquito Species
Invasive Mosquito Threatens Urban Malaria in Africa
An outbreak of malaria in Ethiopia’s city of Dire Dawa has been linked to an invasive mosquito species called Anopheles stephensi. This species, native to Asia, is a major spreader of malaria in its home region and is now establishing itself along the eastern coast of Africa.
Urban Malaria: A New Threat
Traditionally, malaria in Africa has been confined to rural regions and the rainy season. However, Anopheles stephensi can survive through the dry season and thrive in densely populated urban areas, posing a significant threat to city residents.
Study Findings
Researchers traced malaria patients in Dire Dawa and searched for mosquitoes near their homes. They found that 97% of the adult mosquitoes caught were Anopheles stephensi, and none of the captured non-invasive mosquitoes carried the malaria-causing parasites.
Challenges in Controlling the Invasive Species
Anopheles stephensi is resistant to many common insecticides used in Africa and can evade control tactics such as bed nets and indoor spraying. This makes it difficult to control the spread of the disease.
Impact on Malaria Transmission
The presence of Anopheles stephensi in urban areas is expected to significantly increase malaria transmission rates. The researchers found that households with nearby water sources were 3.4 times more likely to have a resident test positive for malaria.
Strategies for Control
Innovative approaches are needed to combat malaria in the face of this invasive species. One strategy could be treating livestock with insecticides, as Anopheles stephensi feeds on cattle. Covering and removing unnecessary water storage containers can also help reduce mosquito breeding grounds.
Malaria Vaccine: A Potential Solution
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a malaria vaccine for children in countries with high transmission rates. While the impact of this vaccine is still being evaluated, it could potentially play a role in reducing malaria transmission.
The Need for Urgent Action
Experts warn that if Anopheles stephensi becomes established in Africa, the consequences could be devastating. Increased malaria transmission in urban areas could lead to a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children under five.
Conclusion
The outbreak of malaria in Ethiopia highlights the threat posed by invasive mosquito species. Innovative strategies are urgently needed to control the spread of Anopheles stephensi and prevent the devastating consequences of urban malaria in Africa.