Discovery of a Monumental Cathedral in Medieval Nubia
The Lost City of Old Dongola
Nestled in the heart of northern Sudan, amidst the remnants of the ancient Nubian kingdom of Makuria, archaeologists have unearthed the ruins of a colossal cathedral that once stood as a testament to the region’s rich Christian heritage. This extraordinary discovery, made by a team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw, sheds new light on the forgotten history of this enigmatic kingdom.
A Majestic Seat of Christian Power
The cathedral, located within the subterranean citadel of Makuria’s capital city, Old Dongola, is believed to have been the largest church ever found in Nubia. Its imposing structure, spanning 85 feet wide and soaring to the height of a three-story building, speaks to the grandeur and influence of Christianity in Makuria.
The cathedral’s apse, the most sacred part of the building, was adorned with vibrant frescoes believed to depict the Twelve Apostles. These exquisite paintings, dating back to the 10th or early 11th century, offer a glimpse into the religious fervor and artistic prowess of the Nubian people.
A Parallel to Faras
Just east of the cathedral apse, archaeologists discovered the dome of a large tomb. Intriguingly, the layout of this complex mirrors that of the Cathedral of Faras, another prominent Nubian city located near the modern border of Sudan and Egypt. However, the dome in the newly discovered complex is significantly larger, measuring 24 feet in diameter compared to Faras’s mere 5 feet.
The Tomb of an Archbishop
Based on the discovery of a similar tomb in Faras that belonged to Joannes, the bishop of Faras, archaeologists speculate that the Old Dongola tomb may have been the resting place of an archbishop. This would further underscore the importance and grandeur of the cathedral and its role as a center of religious authority in Makuria.
The Kingdom of Makuria
Makuria was a formidable power in the region from the 6th to the 14th centuries A.D. Its capital, Old Dongola, strategically situated on the Nile River, flourished as a major urban center. The city’s residents ingeniously used water wheels to irrigate land for agriculture, supporting a thriving population.
Makuria’s strategic location facilitated diplomatic relations with neighboring powers, including Muslim Egypt, Byzantium, and the Holy Roman Empire. Despite its proximity to Muslim territories, Makuria maintained a peaceful coexistence with its neighbors, granting protection to passing Muslims and allowing them to worship at a mosque within Old Dongola.
A Forgotten Legacy
Like a fairy tale kingdom lost to time, Makuria’s glory has faded into obscurity. Yet, the ruins of Old Dongola, including the newly discovered cathedral, offer tantalizing glimpses into its forgotten grandeur. At its peak, Makuria rivaled the size of Spain and France combined, with Old Dongola reaching a population comparable to modern Paris.
The Throne Hall and Other Treasures
Old Dongola boasts a wealth of other archaeological treasures. The Throne Hall, a royal building later converted into a mosque, stands as a testament to the city’s architectural prowess. Excavations have also uncovered elaborate villas belonging to state and church officials, hinting at the city’s sophistication and prosperity.
The city was adorned with dozens of churches, their interiors adorned with intricate frescoes. Many of these frescoes have been carefully preserved and are now on display at the National Museum in Khartoum. Old Dongola is also renowned for its unique beehive-shaped Islamic tombs, built after the Mamluks of Egypt conquered the area in the early 14th century.
Conservation and Restoration
Researchers are diligently working with an art conservation and restoration team to safeguard the cathedral’s precious paintings. The weakened wall plaster is being reinforced, and layers of dirt and salt deposits are meticulously removed to prevent further damage. Once a protective roof is erected, the final stage of conservation can commence, ensuring the preservation of these invaluable artistic treasures for generations to come.