Frescoes

Discovery of a Monumental Cathedral in Medieval Nubia

The Lost City of Old Dongola

Nestled in the heart of northern Sudan, amidst the remnants of the ancient Nubian kingdom of Makuria, archaeologists have unearthed the ruins of a colossal cathedral that once stood as a testament to the region’s rich Christian heritage. This extraordinary discovery, made by a team from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Warsaw, sheds new light on the forgotten history of this enigmatic kingdom.

A Majestic Seat of Christian Power

The cathedral, located within the subterranean citadel of Makuria’s capital city, Old Dongola, is believed to have been the largest church ever found in Nubia. Its imposing structure, spanning 85 feet wide and soaring to the height of a three-story building, speaks to the grandeur and influence of Christianity in Makuria.

The cathedral’s apse, the most sacred part of the building, was adorned with vibrant frescoes believed to depict the Twelve Apostles. These exquisite paintings, dating back to the 10th or early 11th century, offer a glimpse into the religious fervor and artistic prowess of the Nubian people.

A Parallel to Faras

Just east of the cathedral apse, archaeologists discovered the dome of a large tomb. Intriguingly, the layout of this complex mirrors that of the Cathedral of Faras, another prominent Nubian city located near the modern border of Sudan and Egypt. However, the dome in the newly discovered complex is significantly larger, measuring 24 feet in diameter compared to Faras’s mere 5 feet.

The Tomb of an Archbishop

Based on the discovery of a similar tomb in Faras that belonged to Joannes, the bishop of Faras, archaeologists speculate that the Old Dongola tomb may have been the resting place of an archbishop. This would further underscore the importance and grandeur of the cathedral and its role as a center of religious authority in Makuria.

The Kingdom of Makuria

Makuria was a formidable power in the region from the 6th to the 14th centuries A.D. Its capital, Old Dongola, strategically situated on the Nile River, flourished as a major urban center. The city’s residents ingeniously used water wheels to irrigate land for agriculture, supporting a thriving population.

Makuria’s strategic location facilitated diplomatic relations with neighboring powers, including Muslim Egypt, Byzantium, and the Holy Roman Empire. Despite its proximity to Muslim territories, Makuria maintained a peaceful coexistence with its neighbors, granting protection to passing Muslims and allowing them to worship at a mosque within Old Dongola.

A Forgotten Legacy

Like a fairy tale kingdom lost to time, Makuria’s glory has faded into obscurity. Yet, the ruins of Old Dongola, including the newly discovered cathedral, offer tantalizing glimpses into its forgotten grandeur. At its peak, Makuria rivaled the size of Spain and France combined, with Old Dongola reaching a population comparable to modern Paris.

The Throne Hall and Other Treasures

Old Dongola boasts a wealth of other archaeological treasures. The Throne Hall, a royal building later converted into a mosque, stands as a testament to the city’s architectural prowess. Excavations have also uncovered elaborate villas belonging to state and church officials, hinting at the city’s sophistication and prosperity.

The city was adorned with dozens of churches, their interiors adorned with intricate frescoes. Many of these frescoes have been carefully preserved and are now on display at the National Museum in Khartoum. Old Dongola is also renowned for its unique beehive-shaped Islamic tombs, built after the Mamluks of Egypt conquered the area in the early 14th century.

Conservation and Restoration

Researchers are diligently working with an art conservation and restoration team to safeguard the cathedral’s precious paintings. The weakened wall plaster is being reinforced, and layers of dirt and salt deposits are meticulously removed to prevent further damage. Once a protective roof is erected, the final stage of conservation can commence, ensuring the preservation of these invaluable artistic treasures for generations to come.

Unearthing Artistic Treasures

Archaeologists in Pompeii have made an extraordinary discovery: an ancient dining room adorned with a series of stunning frescoes depicting mythological characters associated with the Trojan War. Measuring an impressive 50 feet long and 20 feet wide, the room features a mosaic floor adorned with over a million tiny white tiles, creating a captivating backdrop for the vibrant frescoes.

Mythic Encounters

One of the most captivating frescoes depicts the legendary Helen of Troy and Paris, whose elopement ignited the events that led to the Trojan War. Helen, once married to Menelaus, King of Sparta, fled to Troy with the Trojan prince Paris, sparking a conflict that would forever be etched in Greek mythology.

In another fresco, the ancient Greek god Apollo is depicted pursuing the Trojan priestess Cassandra. Apollo granted Cassandra the power of prophecy, but when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that no one would believe her visions of war.

The walls behind the frescoes are covered in a backdrop of black paint, likely used to prevent smoke and soot stains from oil lamps from marring the artwork. The flickering light of these lamps would have cast an ethereal glow on the frescoes, making them appear to move, especially after a few glasses of Campanian wine.

A Glimpse into Ancient Lives

The dining room opens onto a courtyard with a staircase leading to another level of the property. On the staircase’s arches, someone has drawn a scene featuring “two pairs of gladiators and what appears to be an enormous stylized phallus,” according to the Pompeii Archaeological Park.

The hall is located in a private residence in the Regio IX area of the city, which archaeologists have been excavating for about a year. The site has revealed numerous discoveries, including a bakery, a construction site, and a fresco depicting a pizza-like flatbread, each shedding light on daily life in Pompeii before the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E.

Preserving the Past

Uncovering and preserving ancient artifacts during excavations is a complex and challenging task. Roberta Prisco, the chief restorer at the site, recently dedicated an entire day to “trying to stop an arch from collapsing,” highlighting the delicate nature of these discoveries.

“The responsibility is enormous,” says Prisco. “We have a passion and a deep love for what we’re doing, because what we’re uncovering and protecting is for the joy also of the generations that come after us.”

Timeless Reflections

Archaeologists have been studying Pompeii for centuries, yet only about two-thirds of the ancient city have been excavated. For Gabriel Zuchtriegel, the director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park, the newly discovered frescoes are not only an important archaeological find but also a timeless meditation on human nature.

“The mythological couples provided ideas for conversations about the past and life, only seemingly of a merely romantic nature,” he says. “In reality, they refer to the relationship between the individual and fate: Cassandra, who can see the future but no one believes her; Apollo, who sides with the Trojans against the Greek invaders but, being a god, cannot ensure victory; Helen and Paris, who, despite their politically incorrect love affair, are the cause of the war, or perhaps merely a pretext. Who knows?”

Zuchtriegel adds: “These days, Helen and Paris represent us all: Each day, we can choose whether to focus solely on our own private lives or whether to explore the way our lives are entangled with the broad sweep of history.”

The frescoes in the newly discovered Pompeii dining room offer a captivating glimpse into ancient mythology, artistic expression, and the enduring human themes of love, fate, and the search for meaning in life. As archaeologists continue to delve into the secrets of Pompeii, these stunning artworks will continue to inspire and engage audiences around the world.

Unveiling the Secrets of a Lost Cathedral: A Monumental Discovery in Medieval Nubia