African Fern Pine: A Versatile and Resilient Tree for Diverse Landscapes
Description and Characteristics
The African fern pine (Afrocarpus gracilior), a conifer native to eastern Africa, is renowned for its distinctive fern-like foliage and adaptability to various growing conditions. Its long, narrow leaves, which mature into a deep green hue, are irregularly spaced and can reach up to 4 inches in length. The tree develops a dense canopy, creating a rounded or oval shape when properly trimmed. In its natural habitat, the African fern pine can reach a height of 60 feet and a spread of up to 35 feet.
Planting and Care
Light: African fern pines thrive in direct morning sunlight but can also tolerate shady conditions. In hotter climates, some shade is beneficial, particularly during the late afternoon.
Soil: These trees are not particularly fussy about soil conditions. They can tolerate poor-quality and compacted soil, but they prefer slightly acidic soil. However, they can also grow well in neutral or even slightly alkaline soil. Ensure the soil has good drainage to prevent root rot.
Water: During the first two years after planting, give your African fern pine a deep watering once a week. Gradually reduce watering frequency to every other week during the third year. Afterward, water the tree based on local environmental conditions. Although mature fern pines can tolerate drought, they will thrive with regular watering.
Fertilizer: Fertilize your African fern pine in the springtime before new growth emerges. Use a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer according to the package instructions.
Pruning
Young African fern pines should be pruned to establish a central leader and a strong branch structure. Once established, pruning is primarily for aesthetic purposes, such as achieving the desired size and shape. For hedges, maintain a uniform height and width by shearing the plants regularly.
Propagation
African fern pines can be propagated from cuttings. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
- Cut a 4- to 6-inch section from the new growth of a healthy branch.
- Remove the needles from the bottom third of the cutting.
- Dip the cut end into a rooting hormone to promote root development.
- Fill a pot with a mixture of peat moss or similar soil and coarse sand. Plant the cutting in the pot, ensuring that the needleless portion is above the soil surface.
- Water the cutting and cover the pot with plastic to create a humid environment.
- Remove the plastic periodically to water and check for moisture. When new growth appears, remove the plastic completely.
- Allow the young tree to grow and mature in the pot before transplanting it into its permanent location.
Potting and Repotting
African fern pines can be grown in containers, making them suitable for patios, balconies, and as screening hedges. Use large containers with drainage holes and fill them with well-draining soil. As the tree grows, it may need to be repotted into larger containers.
Pests and Diseases
African fern pines are generally resistant to most pests and diseases. However, they may occasionally be affected by aphids, scale, or sooty mold. These infestations are rarely severe and can be controlled with appropriate treatments.
Common Questions
How far apart should African fern pines be planted for a privacy hedge?
For a dense hedge, plant the pines approximately 2 feet apart.
How do you know if you have a male or female African fern pine?
Male trees produce only small yellow flowers, while female trees produce berries and flowers.
Are fern pine trees messy?
Male fern pines are considered “clean” trees with minimal litter, while female trees tend to drop messy fruits.
How big does a fern pine grow?
The size of an African fern pine depends on how it is cultivated. When grown as a tree in the ground, it can reach a height of 60 feet or more. In containers or as hedges, it can be maintained at a smaller size.
What is the difference between an African fern pine and a yew pine?
Both African fern pines and yew pines are evergreen trees with similar uses in landscaping. However, the African fern pine has a more graceful leaf structure and is slightly more cold-hardy.
Additional Tips
- African fern pines are well-suited for urban environments, tolerating air pollution and limited soil space.
- They can be espaliered against walls or fences, creating a unique and space-saving feature.
- Topiary can be used to shape African fern pines into various decorative forms.