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Architecture

Architecture to Watch: The Most Anticipated Building Projects of 2013

by Jasmine
written by Jasmine

Architecture to Watch in 2013

SFMOMA Expansion

One of the most ambitious architectural projects of 2013 is the expansion of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA). Designed by the award-winning Oslo-based firm Snøhetta, the new structure will rise behind the iconic Mario Botta-designed original building. The expansion will more than double the museum’s size and includes new pedestrian spaces, entrances, street-level galleries, outdoor terraces, and a sculpture garden. The primary function of the expansion is to accommodate the new Fisher Collection, donated by the late GAP founder Don Fisher. Snøhetta’s sleek contemporary design is a striking departure for San Francisco, known for its architectural conservatism.

One World Trade Center

After more than a decade of planning, One World Trade Center will finally reach its full height of 1,776 feet in 2013. The 104-story tower will be the tallest building in the United States. While the design may be underwhelming, it represents the importance of rebuilding and creating a new urban compass for New Yorkers.

Sky City

When it finishes construction in March 2013, Sky City in China will become the tallest building in the world. The 220-story tower will be built in just 90 days using an innovative modular construction method developed by Broad Sustainable Building (BSB). BSB’s modular high-rise system uses preinstalled ducts, plumbing, and electricity, making construction safer, cheaper, and faster. BSB hopes that the success of Sky City will launch their building system onto the world stage and promote modular construction globally.

Atlantic Yards B2

The United States is also embracing modular construction with the development of B2 in Brooklyn. Designed by SHoP Architects, B2 will be the first of three residential towers built around the new Barclay’s Center as part of the larger Atlantic Yards development. Like Sky City, B2 will be built from modular components and will be the largest of its kind in the United States. The project has sparked controversy due to concerns about its impact on local trade unions, but it is expected to reduce construction time by 18 months and cost approximately 15 percent less to build.

Pushing the Boundaries of Architecture

These building projects represent important advancements in architecture. The expansion of SFMOMA showcases the blending of old and new architectural styles. One World Trade Center symbolizes resilience and rebirth. Sky City demonstrates the potential of modular construction to revolutionize the building industry. And B2 highlights the growing acceptance of modular techniques in the United States.

These projects are not only architectural marvels but also testaments to the ingenuity and innovation that continue to shape the built environment. As these structures take shape in 2013, they will undoubtedly leave a lasting mark on the world of architecture.

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Home and Garden

Living Room Bar Ideas: Transform Your Space into an Entertaining Haven

by Keira
written by Keira

Living Room Bar Ideas: Transform Your Space into an Entertaining Haven

Incorporating a Bar into Your Living Room

Adding a bar to your living room is a stylish and functional way to enhance your entertaining experience. Whether you have a large or small space, there are endless options to choose from. For smaller living rooms, consider a bar cart that can be rolled away when not in use. In larger spaces, a built-in bar or bar cabinet can provide ample storage and a dedicated area for mixing drinks.

Styling Your Bar Cart or Station

The key to styling a bar cart or station is to complement the overall aesthetic of your living room. If your space is modern, opt for a bar cart with clean lines and a metallic finish. For a more traditional look, choose a wooden bar cabinet with intricate carvings or a vintage bar table with a marble top.

Maximizing Space and Storage

If you’re short on space, consider using a three-tiered bar cart or a bar hutch that adds height to the room. You can also use a credenza or sideboard as a bar cart by setting out a few bottles and glasses. For additional storage, consider using a bar cabinet with hidden compartments or drawers.

Creating a Cozy and Inviting Atmosphere

To make your bar area more inviting, add some cozy touches such as a lamp, some artwork, or a stack of books. You can also place a tray on top of your bar cart to corral your favorite liquor bottles and glasses. If you have a fireplace, consider placing your bar cart nearby to create a warm and inviting ambiance.

Designing a Bar for Entertaining

If you love to host parties, consider designing a bar that can accommodate your guests’ needs. A large bar cabinet with a встроенный холодильник can store all of your favorite wines and spirits. You can also add a cocktail-making station with a shaker, strainer, and all the necessary tools.

Choosing the Right Bar Cart for Your Needs

When choosing a bar cart, consider the size of your space and the style of your living room. If you have a small space, opt for a petite bar cart that can be easily moved around. For larger spaces, a more substantial bar cart can provide ample storage and display space.

Decorating Your Bar Cart with Style

Don’t be afraid to add some personal touches to your bar cart. You can set out a few of your favorite liquor bottles and glasses, or use the cart to display seasonal decor. You can also add some decorative pieces, such as a vase of flowers or a sculpture, to reflect your personality.

Tips for Entertaining Guests with a Bar

  • Place your bar cart in a central location so that guests can easily access it.
  • Stock your bar with a variety of drinks, including beer, wine, spirits, and non-alcoholic beverages.
  • Provide plenty of ice and glassware.
  • Set out some snacks or appetizers to accompany the drinks.
  • Be a gracious host and make sure your guests are having a good time.
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Sports Science and Kinesiology

The Evolution of the Football’s Unique Shape: From Pigskin to Prolate Spheroid

by Rosa
written by Rosa

The Evolution of the Football’s Unique Shape

The Origins of “Pigskin”

The iconic “pigskin” of American football is not actually made from pig skin, but rather from cowhide. The nickname likely originated from the speculation that the early footballs were made from pig bladders.

The Mysterious Evolution of the Football’s Shape

While football evolved from soccer and rugby, the distinct prolate spheroid shape of the modern football was not intentionally designed. According to Henry Duffield, who witnessed an early intercollegiate game in 1869, the ball was supposed to be round but became lopsided due to uneven inflation.

The Influence of the Forward Pass

As football merged kicking and running games and rules standardized, the ball gradually stretched out to accommodate different play styles. The introduction of the forward pass in 1906 further influenced the ball’s shape, allowing for more accurate and efficient passing.

The Evolution of the Football in the 20th Century

In the early 20th century, the football’s shape was formalized, and the forward pass became a dominant part of the game. In the 1930s, the ball became longer and slimmer to enhance passing capabilities.

The Birth of “The Duke”

In 1941, the NFL adopted an official football nicknamed “The Duke,” after Wellington Mara, whose father was named after the Duke of Wellington. The name became synonymous with the NFL’s partnership with Wilson Sporting Goods, which has produced the official NFL football for over 70 years.

Modern Football Specifications

To be used in an NFL game today, a football must meet specific requirements:

  • Urethane bladder inflated to 12.5-13.5 pounds
  • Pebble-grained, tan leather outer shell for enhanced grip
  • Length: 11-11.25 inches
  • Long circumference: 28-28.5 inches
  • Short circumference: 21-21.25 inches
  • Weight: 14-15 ounces

The Role of Wilson Sporting Goods

Since 1955, every NFL football has been hand-crafted at Wilson’s factory in Ada, Ohio. The company’s secret tanning recipe optimizes the leather for football weather conditions, and each synthetic bladder is produced by a single individual.

The Journey from Pigskin to Cowhide

The evolution of the football from pigskin to cowhide reflects the advancements in materials and manufacturing techniques. The use of synthetic bladders further enhanced the ball’s durability and performance.

The Impact of Football Rules

Throughout history, changes in football rules have influenced the design of the ball. The legalization of blocking below the waist in the 1970s, for example, led to the adoption of a more oblong shape to reduce injuries.

The Future of the Football

As football continues to evolve, the design of the ball may also undergo further refinement. Technological advancements in materials and manufacturing could lead to new innovations that enhance the game’s safety, performance, and overall experience.

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Home and Garden

Exterior Design Ideas: 40 Stunning Options to Enhance Your Home’s Curb Appeal

by Keira
written by Keira

Exterior Design: 40 Stunning Ideas for Every Home Style

Color Schemes

When selecting paint colors for your home’s exterior, consider your home’s architectural style and the surrounding landscape. For a classic look, opt for neutral shades like white, beige, or gray. To add a touch of personality, incorporate accent colors through your front door, window trim, or shutters.

Landscaping Options

Landscaping plays a vital role in enhancing your home’s curb appeal. Choose plants that complement the architectural style of your home and the climate in your area. For a modern look, incorporate geometric shapes and clean lines into your landscaping design. For a more traditional look, opt for lush lawns, flower beds, and mature trees.

Curb Appeal

The key to creating a welcoming and inviting front porch is to make it comfortable and stylish. Add a seating area with cozy chairs and a coffee table. Place potted plants or flowers around the perimeter to add a touch of color and life.

Home Style

Modern Farmhouse

Modern farmhouse exteriors are characterized by their clean lines, simple shapes, and use of natural materials such as wood and stone. To achieve this look, opt for a neutral paint color, such as white or gray, and add black or dark brown accents.

Craftsman Bungalow

Craftsman bungalows are known for their charming architectural details, such as exposed beams, overhanging eaves, and decorative trim. To enhance the curb appeal of a Craftsman bungalow, consider painting the exterior in a warm color, such as yellow or green, and adding a welcoming front porch with a swing or rocking chairs.

Victorian Home

Victorian homes are known for their ornate architectural details and vibrant paint colors. To maintain the historical integrity of a Victorian home, stick to traditional paint colors, such as white, cream, or pastel shades. Add architectural details such as gingerbread trim, bay windows, and decorative moldings.

1920s Architecture

Homes built in the 1920s often feature a mix of architectural styles, such as Tudor Revival, Gothic Revival, and Art Deco. To update the exterior of a 1920s home, consider painting it in a modern color, such as black or navy, and adding contemporary landscaping elements.

Tudor Revival

Tudor Revival homes are characterized by their steeply pitched roofs, half-timbered exteriors, and leaded glass windows. To enhance the curb appeal of a Tudor Revival home, opt for a dark paint color, such as brown or green, and add architectural details such as stone accents and decorative chimneys.

Gothic Revival

Gothic Revival homes are known for their pointed arches, steeply pitched roofs, and intricate stonework. To maintain the historical integrity of a Gothic Revival home, choose a dark paint color, such as black or gray, and add architectural details such as gargoyles and stained glass windows.

Voysey Style

Voysey style homes are characterized by their organic lines, tonal palettes, and use of natural materials. To achieve this look, opt for a neutral paint color, such as beige or gray, and add architectural details such as exposed beams and decorative windows.

A-frame

A-frame homes are known for their triangular shape and exposed beams. To update the exterior of an A-frame home, consider painting it in a modern color, such as black or white, and adding contemporary landscaping elements.

Maintenance and Materials

Exterior Door Buying Guide

When choosing an exterior door, consider factors such as durability, energy efficiency, and style. For a durable and energy-efficient option, opt for a steel or fiberglass door. For a stylish option, consider a wood door with decorative accents.

Tips for Choosing the Perfect Paint Color for Your House

  • Consider your home’s architectural style and the surrounding landscape.
  • Test paint colors on a small area before committing to a full paint job.
  • Don’t be afraid to experiment with different colors and finishes.
  • Use a primer to ensure that the paint adheres properly to the surface.
  • Apply two coats of paint for a durable and long-lasting finish.

Creative Landscaping Ideas for Small Spaces

  • Use vertical space by planting vines or hanging plants.
  • Create a focal point with a small water feature or sculpture.
  • Add pops of color with brightly colored flowers or foliage.
  • Use mirrors to create the illusion of more space.
  • Choose plants that are well-suited to your climate and soil conditions.

How to Create a Welcoming and Inviting Front Porch

  • Add a seating area with comfortable chairs and a coffee table.
  • Place potted plants or flowers around the perimeter to add a touch of color and life.
  • Hang a wind chime or play soothing music to create a relaxing atmosphere.
  • Install outdoor lighting to make your porch inviting at night.
  • Keep your porch clean and free of clutter.

The Best Materials for Exterior Renovations

  • Fiber cement siding: Durable, low-maintenance, and available in a variety of styles.
  • Vinyl siding: Affordable, easy to install, and available in a wide range of colors and textures.
  • Brick veneer: Classic and durable, but can be expensive to install.
  • Stone veneer: Natural and durable, but can be even more expensive than brick veneer.
  • Stucco: Durable, fire-resistant, and available in a variety of textures.
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Culinary Culture

Coffee: A Journey from the East to the West, Sparking Religious Debates, Cultural Exchange, and Culinary Innovation

by Kim
written by Kim

Coffee: A Journey from the East to the West

Origins and Spread

Coffee’s origins can be traced back to Ethiopia, where it was likely first consumed around the 10th century B.C.E. From Ethiopia, coffee spread to Yemen and beyond, eventually reaching Mecca and Cairo by the end of the 15th century.

With the rise of the Ottoman Empire, coffeehouses became popular gathering places throughout the Arabian Peninsula. These establishments provided a space for people to socialize and relax, particularly as Muslims were prohibited from consuming wine.

Religious Perspectives

Coffee has been the subject of religious debates and controversies over the centuries. Some Muslim authorities viewed coffeehouses as a threat to mosques as central gathering places. However, for Sufi worshipers, coffee helped them stay alert during prayer services.

In Europe, coffee was initially met with suspicion by some Catholics, who labeled it as “the bitter invention of Satan.” However, after Pope Clement VIII tried coffee and declared it delicious, its popularity skyrocketed.

Evolution of Coffee-Making Methods

As coffee spread around the world, people developed diverse methods for preparing and consuming it. In Ethiopia, beans were ground and mixed with animal fat to provide quick energy for soldiers and hunters.

Over time, elaborate brewing techniques emerged in various communities. The exhibition at the Museum for Islamic Art in Jerusalem showcases a wide array of coffee-making equipment from different cultures, including ornate Turkish cup-holders, modernist Italian espresso machines, and Bedouin coffee pots made from scrap metal.

Social and Cultural Impact

Coffeehouses played a significant role in social and cultural exchange. They provided a meeting place for people from all walks of life, fostering discussions and the exchange of ideas.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, some women disguised themselves as men to enter all-male coffeehouses, while others protested their exclusion and established their own female-friendly establishments. This trend led to the rise of the European kaffeeklatsch, a gathering characterized by coffee and conversation.

Coffee Culture in Palestine

The exhibition highlights the convergence of Arabic and European coffee traditions in Palestine. German Christian Templers and European Jews who settled in the region in the 19th century established European-style cafes in Jerusalem.

Later, British occupying forces further increased the demand for coffee shops. In the early 20th century, Jerusalem’s Zion Square became a hub for both Turkish-Arabian coffee in the morning and European-style coffee at Café Europa in the afternoon.

Artistic and Design Influences

Coffee has inspired artists and designers throughout history. The exhibition features a small 18th-century cup with a spot for opium, demonstrating the imaginative ways in which coffee has been consumed.

Architects, designers, and other professionals have created a wide range of coffee-related items, reflecting their own artistic and professional perspectives.

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Gardening

Perennial Gardens: A Comprehensive Guide to Planting, Care, and Design

by Keira
written by Keira

Perennial Gardens: A Guide to Planting and Care

What are Perennial Flowers?

Perennial flowers are plants that live for more than two years, providing seasonal blooms in your garden year after year. Unlike annuals, which complete their life cycle in one season, perennials return each spring, offering a reliable source of beauty and color.

Benefits of Perennial Gardens

Perennial gardens offer numerous advantages, including:

  • Extended bloom time: Perennials bloom for extended periods, providing color and interest throughout the growing season.
  • Low maintenance: Once established, perennials require minimal care, making them ideal for busy gardeners.
  • Environmental benefits: Perennials attract butterflies, bees, and other beneficial insects, supporting biodiversity and pollination.
  • Cost-effective: Investing in perennial plants is a cost-effective way to create a beautiful and sustainable garden.

Choosing the Right Perennials

When selecting perennials for your garden, consider the following factors:

  • Sunlight: Determine the amount of sunlight your garden receives and choose perennials that are suited to those conditions.
  • Soil type: Different perennials prefer different soil types. Test your soil and select plants that thrive in your specific conditions.
  • Hardiness zone: Ensure that the perennials you choose are hardy in your USDA hardiness zone.
  • Bloom time: Stagger the bloom times of your perennials to create a continuous display of color throughout the season.

Planting and Care

  • Planting: Dig a hole twice as wide as the plant’s root ball and just as deep. Amend the soil with compost or manure to improve drainage and fertility.
  • Watering: Water perennials deeply after planting and regularly throughout the growing season, especially during hot, dry periods.
  • Fertilizing: Feed perennials with a balanced fertilizer in early spring and again after blooming.
  • Mulching: Mulch around perennials with organic matter, such as shredded bark or compost, to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

Popular Perennial Varieties

Some of the most popular perennial varieties include:

  • Sun-loving perennials: Coneflowers, daylilies, daisies, lavender, Russian sage
  • Shade-loving perennials: Hostas, ferns, impatiens, begonias, astilbe
  • Tall perennials: Delphiniums, foxgloves, hollyhocks, lupines, veronicastrum
  • Low-growing perennials: Alyssum, creeping Jenny, creeping thyme, sedum, yarrow
  • Perennials for attracting butterflies: Coneflowers, daisies, lavender, milkweed, zinnias

Landscaping Ideas for Perennial Gardens

  • Create focal points: Plant tall perennials, such as delphiniums or hollyhocks, in the center of beds to create a dramatic effect.
  • Add layers of color: Combine perennials with different bloom times and heights to create a dynamic display of color and texture.
  • Use contrasting foliage: Incorporate perennials with contrasting foliage colors to add interest and depth to your garden.
  • Create a natural look: Plant perennials in groups or drifts to mimic the natural growth patterns found in meadows and woodlands.

Garden Plans for Perennials

  • Full sun perennial garden: Combine sun-loving perennials, such as coneflowers, daylilies, and Russian sage, in a variety of colors and heights.
  • Partial shade perennial garden: Create a lush and inviting shade garden with hostas, ferns, begonias, and astilbe.
  • Butterfly garden: Plant perennials that attract butterflies, such as coneflowers, daisies, lavender, and milkweed, to create a vibrant and lively garden.
  • Low-maintenance perennial garden: Choose easy-to-grow perennials, such as sedum, yarrow, and creeping thyme, to create a garden that requires minimal care.

Tips for Success

  • Amend the soil: Improve soil drainage and fertility by adding compost or manure before planting.
  • Water deeply and regularly: Provide consistent watering, especially during hot, dry periods.
  • Deadhead spent blooms: Remove spent blooms to encourage continuous flowering and prevent seed formation.
  • Divide perennials: Divide overgrown perennials every few years to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding.
  • Protect from pests and diseases: Monitor your perennials for pests and diseases and take appropriate action to control them.

By following these tips and incorporating perennials into your garden, you can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor space that will provide years of enjoyment.

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