Ancient Egyptian Mummification Unraveled: Discoveries from Saqqara
Excavation of a Mummification Workshop
In 2016, archaeologists returned to a site at the Saqqara necropolis in Egypt that had been first unearthed in the late 19th century. Their renewed investigations yielded a major discovery: a mummification workshop connected to a multi-chamber burial shaft, both filled with relics that provide valuable insights into ancient Egyptian burial practices.
The workshop, a rectangular structure built from bricks and limestone blocks, contained two large basins connected by a ramp. Archaeologists believe these basins were used to store natron, a type of salt used to dry out dead bodies, and linen bandages. A subterranean chamber revealed a trove of pottery etched with the names of substances used in the mummification process.
The Mummification Process
Preserving a body for the afterlife was a complex undertaking that involved removing the deceased’s organs, drying the body, and wrapping it in bandages. The process also included the application of various ointments, oils, spices, and other substances. Mummification was expensive and primarily reserved for royalty, nobility, and important officials.
Hierarchies in Burial Practices
The discovery at Saqqara reveals that there were distinct hierarchies among the privileged classes who could afford mummification. In the center of the workshop, archaeologists discovered a large shaft leading to a complex of burial chambers lined with two hallways. Within these chambers were several mummies, sarcophagi, and wooden coffins.
While the burial complex was communal, there were clear class differences between the deceased. Some had private chambers, while others shared their final resting place. The discovery of an ornate mummy mask of gilded silver inlaid with gems on top of one decayed coffin highlights the status of certain individuals.
Identity of the Mummy Mask’s Owner
Decorations on the wooden coffin where the mask was found indicate that the deceased was the “second priest” of Mut, a mother goddess, and also a priest of Niut-Shaes, a serpent form of Mut. This discovery provides valuable information about the identity of the mask’s owner and the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.
Significance of the Discoveries
The discoveries at Saqqara offer a wealth of information about ancient Egyptian burial practices and social stratification. They shed light on the complex process of mummification, the importance of preserving bodies for the afterlife, and the distinctions between different social classes even in death.
Ongoing Research and Display
Archaeologists continue to excavate the site, unlocking more of its ancient secrets. Many of the newly discovered artifacts will be displayed at the Grand Egyptian Museum, scheduled to open later this year. These discoveries will provide further insights into the fascinating world of ancient Egypt and its enduring legacy.