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Architectural Heritage

Planned Afghan Cultural Center to Honor Buddha Statues Destroyed by Taliban: A Symbol of Healing and Renewal

by Kim
written by Kim

Planned Afghan Cultural Center to Honor Buddha Statues Destroyed by Taliban

Background

In March 2001, the Taliban destroyed two colossal Buddha statues that had stood in Afghanistan’s Bamiyan Valley for approximately 1,500 years. The statues, considered the largest of their kind in the world, were integral to both Buddhism and local culture. Their destruction caused a worldwide outcry.

Controversy Over Rebuilding

For more than a decade, there was a controversy over whether or not to rebuild the statues. Some archaeologists advocated for their reconstruction, but Unesco’s Venice charter, which prohibits the use of non-original materials in monumental reconstructions, made this unlikely.

Unesco’s Cultural Center Initiative

In 2003, Unesco declared the Bamiyan Valley a World Heritage site. The organization also launched a competition for the design of a cultural center to honor the loss of the Buddha statues. The center was intended to promote cross-cultural understanding, heritage preservation, and peace-building.

Winning Design

The winning design, announced in late February, came from the architectural firm M2R in Argentina. The design incorporates elements of ancient Buddhist monasteries and emphasizes the creation of void and negative spaces.

Inspiration and Design Principles

The design team drew inspiration from various sources, including:

  • Ancient Buddhist monasteries carved into the mountain
  • Rock-hewn churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia
  • Works by Basque sculptor Eduardo Chillida
  • The infrastructure of Petra, a prehistoric Jordanian city carved into sandstone cliffs

The center will be mostly underground, with a piazza overlooking the valley. The architects aimed to create a space that is both contemplative and lively, where “life, history, and people are the protagonists.”

Symbolism and Meaning

The empty niches left by the destroyed Buddha statues have been described as “open wounds” and symbols of violence and instability. The cultural center is intended to transform these negative spaces into a place of healing, reconciliation, and hope.

Construction and Funding

The architects are working with Unesco to determine a construction timeline, with the aim of beginning construction next year. The project is being led by Unesco and the Ministry of Information and Culture of Afghanistan, with financial support from South Korea.

Significance and Impact

The Bamiyan Cultural Center is a significant undertaking that aims to:

  • Preserve the memory of the destroyed Buddha statues
  • Promote cross-cultural understanding and heritage preservation
  • Contribute to peace-building and economic development in Afghanistan
  • Showcase the rich architectural and cultural traditions of the region

The center is expected to attract visitors from around the world and serve as a symbol of Afghanistan’s resilience and commitment to its cultural heritage.

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Indian Art

Unlock the Secret Language of Hands in Indian Iconography

by Kim
written by Kim

The Secret Language of Hands in Indian Iconography

Unlocking the Meaning of Ancient Gestures

Indian iconography is a treasure trove of symbolism and meaning, and one of its most fascinating elements is the use of mudras, or hand gestures. Mudras convey a wide range of emotions, intentions, and spiritual concepts, and they can be found in everything from ancient sculptures and paintings to modern calendar art and everyday life.

Understanding Mudras: A Key to Indian Culture

To truly appreciate the richness of Indian culture, it is essential to understand the language of mudras. These gestures are not merely decorative elements; they are integral to the expression of religious beliefs, philosophical ideas, and cultural values. By deciphering the meaning behind these hand gestures, visitors to India can gain a deeper understanding of the country’s diverse spiritual traditions and artistic heritage.

Common Mudras and Their Significance

1. Consciousness or Deliberation Mudra (Chin/Vitarka Mudra)

This gesture, formed by touching the thumb and forefinger together, represents mindfulness and contemplation. It is often used by yogis during meditation and by deities such as Shiva when imparting wisdom.

2. No Fear Mudra (Abhaya Mudra)

Depicted as an outstretched hand with the palm facing outward, this mudra symbolizes protection and reassurance. It is commonly seen in statues of the Buddha and the Hindu goddess Durga, who uses it to calm fears and offer blessings.

3. Giving Honor Mudra (Namaskara Mudra)

This is perhaps the most recognizable mudra in Indian culture. It involves bringing the palms together in front of the chest and bowing slightly. It is used as a respectful greeting, a sign of reverence, and an expression of gratitude.

4. Earth-Touching Mudra (Bhumisparsha Mudra)

This mudra, in which the right hand touches the ground, is associated with the Buddha’s moment of enlightenment. It represents grounding, stability, and the connection between heaven and earth.

5. Meditation Mudra (Dhyana Mudra)

This symmetrical posture, with the hands resting palms up in the lap, symbolizes deep contemplation and inner stillness. It is often depicted in images of meditating deities and yogis.

6. Index Finger Mudra (Tarjani Mudra)

This gesture, characterized by a raised index finger, is used to indicate warning or admonition. It is often seen in the iconography of guardian spirits and fierce goddesses like Durga and Kali.

7. Giving Mudra (Varada Mudra)

This gesture, with the palm facing outward and the fingers extended, represents generosity and compassion. It is commonly depicted in statues of the Buddha and Hindu deities such as Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth.

Mudras in Everyday Life

While mudras are often associated with religious and spiritual contexts, they also play a role in everyday life in India. Attentive observers may notice reflections of these ancient gestures in the body language of ordinary people, from truck drivers to waiters to temple priests. Understanding these subtle cues can provide valuable insights into the cultural nuances of Indian society.

Conclusion

The secret language of hands in Indian iconography is a fascinating and multifaceted aspect of the country’s rich cultural heritage. By deciphering the meaning behind these ancient gestures, visitors to India can unlock a deeper understanding of its spiritual traditions, artistic expressions, and everyday life.

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Travel and Adventure

Nepal: A Tapestry of Natural Wonders, Cultural Heritage, and Spiritual Significance

by Kim
written by Kim

Nepal: A Tapestry of Natural Wonders and Cultural Heritage

The Majestic Himalayas

Nepal, nestled in the heart of the Himalayas, boasts a mountainous landscape that is both awe-inspiring and breathtaking. The snow-capped peaks of Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain, pierce the clear blue skies, creating a picturesque panorama. These towering giants offer a sanctuary for climbers seeking an unforgettable adventure.

A Vibrant Cultural Tapestry

Beyond the mountains, Nepal’s colorful culture paints a vibrant canvas. Prayer wheels, adorned with Buddhist mantras, line the streets, inviting visitors to experience the reverence and spirituality that permeates the land. Lumbini, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is believed to be the birthplace of Buddha, drawing pilgrims from far and wide.

Encounters in Bhaktapur and Chitwan

In the ancient city of Bhaktapur, students fill the streets, adding a lively ambiance to the city’s medieval architecture. The bustling markets showcase the vibrant spirit of Nepali traders. Chitwan National Park offers a unique opportunity to encounter majestic elephants, as handlers guide them home after a rejuvenating bath in the river.

The Path to Everest

For those embarking on the arduous journey to Mount Everest’s base camp, the trail winds through picturesque landscapes. Along the way, climbers can marvel at the towering peaks and the resilience of the yak, a furry creature well-adapted to the frigid temperatures.

Pashupatinath: A Sacred Gathering

The Pashupatinath Hindu temple is a sight to behold, attracting devotees to celebrate Bala Chaturdashi, a festival honoring deceased family members. The vibrant colors of the temple’s facade and the colorful garments worn by attendees create a mesmerizing spectacle.

Boudhanath and Memorial Cairns

Boudhanath, one of the largest stupas in the world, stands as a testament to Nepal’s rich Buddhist heritage. Decorated with intricate mandalas, it invites visitors to reflect on the teachings of the Buddha. Above Namche Bazaar, memorial cairns dot the snow-capped ridges, serving as poignant reminders of the perilous journeys undertaken by climbers.

Prayer Flags: A Symphony of Colors

Against the backdrop of the starry night sky, Buddhist prayer flags flutter in the wind, their vibrant hues representing balance and harmony. Arranged in a specific order—blue, white, red, green, yellow—these flags carry prayers to the heavens.

Nepal’s Enduring Legacy

Nepal is a land of contrasts, where towering mountains meet ancient traditions. Its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and spiritual significance have captivated travelers for centuries. From the awe-inspiring Himalayas to the vibrant streets of Bhaktapur, Nepal offers an unforgettable experience that will leave a lasting impression on the hearts and minds of those who visit.

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Asian Art

A Centuries-Old Korean Buddhist Masterpiece: Unveiling ‘Sacred Dedication’

by Zuzana
written by Zuzana

A Rare and Ancient Korean Buddhist Masterpiece Unveiled

A Centuries-Old Treasure

A remarkable Korean Buddhist sculpture, dating back to the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), has gone on display at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. This exquisite gilded wooden figure of Gwaneum, the bodhisattva of compassion, is the oldest surviving sculpture of its kind in Korea.

The Compassionate Bodhisattva

Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who choose to remain connected to the material world to help humanity. Gwaneum, also known as Avalokiteshvara in Sanskrit, is the most popular bodhisattva in East Asia. People often turn to Gwaneum for care, kindness, and protection.

Exceptional Craftsmanship

The Goryeo period was a time of great artistic achievement in Korea. The Gwaneum sculpture at the Sackler Gallery is a testament to the skill and artistry of the era’s woodcarvers and gilders. The figure stands two feet tall and is constructed of 15 pieces of fir, held together by staples and nails. It wears an elaborate metal crown and features a crystal urna on its forehead, representing the third eye or vision into the divine world.

Sacred Dedication

When the Gwaneum sculpture was completed in the 13th century, it was filled with sacred texts and symbolic objects, both in its head and body. This act of dedication gave the sculpture spiritual life for believers. The materials transformed it from a mere piece of carved wood into an embodiment of divine presence.

Historical Context

Buddhism reached Korea in the fourth century and became widely practiced by the time the Gwaneum sculpture was created. The sculpture’s rich materials and elaborate craftsmanship suggest that it was commissioned by a wealthy patron, likely a member of the royal court.

During the Goryeo period, Korea faced invasions and occupations, which led to the destruction of much of its material culture, including Buddhist sculptures. The survival of this Gwaneum sculpture is a testament to its enduring significance for the Korean people.

Contemporary Significance

The exhibition of the Gwaneum sculpture at the Sackler Gallery is not only a chance to admire a rare work of art but also an opportunity to learn about the history and significance of Buddhism in Korea. The sculpture is complemented by a scroll from the Freer|Sackler collection, depicting Gwaneum in its dwelling place on the rocks above the sea’s waves.

The juxtaposition of these two depictions of Gwaneum, made within a century of each other, provides visitors with a unique glimpse into the enduring appeal and transformative power of this compassionate bodhisattva.

Additional Highlights

  • Recent research, including X-rays and material analysis, has revealed that the sculpture contains contents from different time periods, indicating that it was opened up and re-dedicated at least once.

  • A 3D scan of the sculpture allows viewers to visualize its construction and the original placement of the dedication materials.

  • In conjunction with the exhibition, Korean Buddhist monks will demonstrate a contemporary dedication ritual, providing visitors with insights into the living traditions of Buddhism.

“Sacred Dedication: A Korean Buddhist Masterpiece” is on view at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Art through March 22, 2020.

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Uncategorized

George Saunders: The American Author Who Captivated the Literary World with ‘Lincoln in the Bardo’

by Peter
written by Peter

George Saunders: The American Author Who Won the Man Booker Prize

Early Life and Career

George Saunders, a renowned American author, was born in Amarillo, Texas. Before embarking on his literary journey, Saunders pursued a degree in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines. After graduating, he worked as a geophysicist in Indonesia. Upon his return to the United States, he struggled to find employment in his field. Undeterred, he took on various jobs, including doorman, roofer, tech writer, and slaughterhouse worker.

Literary Breakthrough

Saunders’ passion for writing led him to pursue an M.F.A. program at Syracuse University, where he now teaches creative writing. In 1996, he published his first collection of short stories. His unique and often humorous style earned him critical acclaim and numerous awards, including four National Magazine Awards for Fiction and a MacArthur Fellowship.

Lincoln in the Bardo: A Haunting Masterpiece

Saunders’ breakthrough novel, “Lincoln in the Bardo,” won the prestigious Man Booker Prize in 2017. The experimental ghost story explores the grief of President Abraham Lincoln following the death of his 11-year-old son, Willie. Set in the Oak Hill Cemetery, the novel weaves together historical facts and fiction, creating a haunting and thought-provoking narrative.

The Bardo: A Buddhist Concept

The title of Saunders’ novel, “Lincoln in the Bardo,” references the Buddhist concept of the bardo, a liminal state between life and death. Saunders, a practicing Tibetan Buddhist, draws upon this concept to explore the characters’ experiences of grief and loss.

International Recognition: The Man Booker Prize

The Man Booker Prize is one of the world’s most prestigious literary awards. For many years, it was exclusively awarded to authors from Britain, Ireland, and the Commonwealth. However, in 2014, the rules were changed to allow any novel written in English and published in Britain to be eligible. Saunders became the second American to win the award, following Paul Beatty in 2016.

Critical Acclaim and Controversy

Saunders’ win sparked both praise and controversy. Some British literary figures expressed concerns that the inclusion of international authors would diminish opportunities for British talent. However, Saunders himself expressed gratitude to the United Kingdom, calling it a “beautiful country.”

Themes in Saunders’ Work

Saunders’ writing is characterized by its exploration of universal themes such as grief, loss, and the human condition. His characters are often flawed and relatable, and his stories are often infused with a dark humor that reveals the absurdity of life.

Legacy and Impact

George Saunders is a remarkable American author whose work has garnered critical acclaim and international recognition. His unique voice and experimental style have challenged literary conventions and inspired a new generation of writers. Through his novels and short stories, Saunders continues to explore the complexities of human nature and the enduring power of storytelling.

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