Indian Chiefs in Roosevelt’s Inaugural Parade
The Invitation
At the behest of President Theodore Roosevelt, six prominent Indian chiefs graced the inaugural parade of 1905. These chiefs represented their respective tribes and embodied the complex history and struggles of Native Americans during that era.
The Participants
The six chiefs who participated in the parade were:
- Quanah Parker (Comanche)
- Buckskin Charlie (Ute)
- American Horse (Oglala Sioux)
- Little Plume (Blackfeet)
- Hollow Horn Bear (Brule Sioux)
- Geronimo (Chiricahua Apache)
Controversy and Significance
The inclusion of Indian chiefs in the parade sparked controversy. Some, like inaugural committee member Woodworth Clum, questioned the wisdom of having Geronimo participate, given his reputation as a “single-handed murderer.” However, Roosevelt believed their presence would showcase the diversity of American society.
Assimilation and Cultural Preservation
The participation of the chiefs also highlighted the ongoing debate over Native American assimilation. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, represented by 350 cadets in the parade, sought to “Americanize” Native American children by stripping them of their cultural identity. Yet, the chiefs’ presence demonstrated their determination to maintain their cultural traditions amidst the pressures of assimilation.
Land Loss and the Dawes Act
A major issue facing Native Americans at the time was the loss of their traditional lands. The Dawes Act of 1887 allowed for the division of reservation lands among individual tribe members, often resulting in the loss of vast tracts of land. This act set a precedent for the continued erosion of tribal territories.
Geronimo’s Plea
Geronimo, a renowned Apache chief, had been imprisoned as a prisoner of war since 1886. He used the opportunity of the parade to petition President Roosevelt for his release and return to his homeland. Despite Geronimo’s eloquence, Roosevelt denied his request, citing concerns about potential conflicts with non-Indian settlers.
Legacy and Impact
The participation of Indian chiefs in Roosevelt’s inaugural parade was a watershed moment in American history. It symbolized both the challenges and resilience of Native Americans in the face of assimilation and land loss. Today, their presence serves as a reminder of the complex relationship between Native Americans and the United States government, as well as the enduring power of cultural identity.
The National Museum of the American Indian
The National Museum of the American Indian houses an exhibition commemorating the lives of the six chiefs and their participation in the 1905 inaugural parade. This exhibition provides insights into their personal stories, the historical context of the parade, and the ongoing legacy of Native American history.