Tornadoes: A Force of Nature
Tornadoes, violent storms characterized by rotating columns of air, are a common occurrence in the United States, particularly during the spring and summer months. The central and southern regions of the country, known as Tornado Alley, are especially prone to these destructive storms. However, tornadoes can occur anywhere, at any time of year.
Interactive Map of Tornado History
The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) has created an interactive map that allows users to explore the history of tornadoes in their own state, region, or even backyard. The map shows every tornado that has touched down in the U.S. from 1980 to 2012, including details on casualties and the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale rating.
Enhanced Fujita Scale
The Enhanced Fujita scale is a system used to rate tornadoes based on the damage they inflict and the wind speeds required to cause such devastation. The scale ranges from EF0 (weakest) to EF5 (strongest). Since 1980, the United States has experienced 21 EF5 tornadoes, the highest ranking on the scale.
Tornado Formation
Tornadoes form when warm, moist air in the lower atmosphere rises beneath cold, dry air in the upper atmosphere. This creates instability, which can lead to the formation of supercell thunderstorms. Supercells are rotating thunderstorms that can produce tornadoes, hail, and heavy rain.
Tornado Season
Tornado season typically runs from late winter to mid-summer, but the exact timing can vary from region to region. The jet stream, a high-altitude wind current, plays a significant role in determining where and when tornadoes occur.
Tornado Alley
Tornado Alley is a region of the central United States that experiences a high frequency of tornadoes. It stretches from northern Texas to southern South Dakota. However, tornadoes are not limited to Tornado Alley and can occur anywhere in the country.
Tornado Preparedness
Tornadoes can be deadly and destructive, but there are steps you can take to prepare for and stay safe during a tornado:
- Have a plan in place and know where to go for shelter.
- Stay informed about weather forecasts and warnings.
- Build an emergency kit with essential supplies, such as food, water, first aid, and medications.
- Reinforce your home with storm shutters or other protective measures.
- Practice tornado drills with your family.
Tornado Science and Research
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Storm Prediction Center conduct ongoing research to better understand tornadoes and improve forecasting and warning systems. NOAA’s Tornado Q&A site provides valuable information on tornado science and safety.
Tornadoes Beyond the Continental U.S.
While tornadoes are most common in the United States, they can occur anywhere in the world. Hawaii has experienced 39 tornadoes from 1950 to 2010, some of which were waterspouts. Waterspouts are funnels that form over water and can move to land. Even Alaska experiences rare tornadoes under the right conditions.
Conclusion
Tornadoes are a powerful and unpredictable force of nature, but by understanding their causes, risks, and preparedness measures, we can reduce their impact on our lives and communities.
